platinum

Platinum is a chemical element with atomic number 78 and the symbol Pt. It is a silvery-white, unreactive, dense, malleable, and ductile semimetal. It is a precious metal, at times being more expensive than gold, and is often used in jewelry. Its most common application, however, is in catalytic converters for automobiles, and it has various other applications.

Platinum was unknown to Europeans prior to the conquest of the Americas, where the Indigenous people of South America had been mining it for centuries. The Spanish called the metal platina (little silver), and the name platinum is a Latinization of the Spanish name, platin[a] + -um (after the classical Latin aurum (gold) and argentum (silver)).

The Spanish, however, initially considered it an impurity that tainted gold, and consequently paid it little interest. The first appearance of the name platina in print is in Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilia’s 1748 Relacion Historica del Viage a la America Meridional, which described the authors' travels through South America in the 1730s. The passage in question relates to the Chocò region in what is now Colombia and describes the difficulty in extracting gold from ore that also contains platinum:

En el Partido del Chocò, haviendo muchas Minas de Lavadero, como las que se acaban de explicar, se encuentran tambien algunas, donde por estàr disfrazado, y envuelto el Oro con orros Cuerpos Metalicos, Jugos, y Piedras, necessita para su beneficio del auxilio del Azogue; y tal vez se hallan Minerales, donde la Platina (Piedra de tanta resistencia, que no es facil romperla, ni desmenuzarla con la fuerza del golpe sobre el Yunque de Acero) es causa de que se abandonen; porque ni la calcinacion la vence, ni hay arbitrio para extraer el Metal, que encierra, sino à expensas de mucho trabajo, y costo.

(In the District of Chocò, there are many Laundry Mines, such as those just explained, there are also some, where because the Gold is disguised and wrapped with other Metallic Bodies, Fluids, and Stones, it needs the help of Mercury to extract it; and perhaps there are Minerals where the Platina (Stone of such resistance that it is not easy to break it, nor crumble it with the force of the blow on the Steel Anvil) is the cause of their abandonment; because neither calcination defeats it, nor is there any way to extract the Metal it contains, except at the expense of a lot of work and cost.)

In early use, English borrowed the Spanish name platina. We see this in the first mention of the metal in the 1750 volume of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society:

This Semi-metal was first presented to me about nine Years ago, by Mr. Charles Wood, as skilful and inquisitive Metallurgist, who met with it in Jamaica, whither it had been brought from Carthagena in New Spain. And the same Gentleman hath since gratified my Curiosity, by making further inquiries concerning this Body. It is found in considerable Quantities in the Spanish West Indies (in what Part I could not learn) and is there known by the name of Platina di Pinto[,] The Spaniards probably call it Platina, from the Resemblance in Colour that it bears to Silver. It is bright and shining, and of a uniform Texture; it takes a fine Polish, and is not subject to tarnish or rust; it is extremely hard and compact; but, like Bath-metal, or cast Iron, brittle, and cannot be extended under the Hammer.

And the Latin platinum appears by 1783, when it is found in Torbern Bergman’s Sciagraphia regni mineralis (Sketch of the Mineral Kingdom):

Aurum nempe omnibus aliis precipitatur metallis, excepto forte Platino, quod ita explicandum existimo. Calx auri vi majoris attractionis phlogisticon singulis eripit et hoc ipso solubilitatem amittit, reducta decidens. Itaque auro in serie metallorum saltim secundus competit locus. Platinum dejicitur omnibus, auro tamen minus distincte.

(Namely, gold is precipitated by all other metals, except perhaps platinum, which I think should be explained in this way. The calx of gold, having the greatest attraction for phlogiston, frees it from other metals, and thus loses its solubility, falling off as a reduction. Therefore gold deserves at least the second place in the series of metals. Platinum is precipitated by all, but less distinctly than gold.)

The English translation of this work, published the same year, however, continues to use platina. The only mention of the Latin platinum is in the index, which cross-references it to instances of platina.

But within a few years, English had also borrowed the Latin name, and platinum came to be the more common name in that language. We see platinum being used in a 1786 translation of an essay by Carl Wilhelm Scheele:

This matter [i.e., coloring agent or dye] has a more sensible action upon the calces and metallic precipitates: All the calces, however, are not attacked; for it produces no effect upon the calces of platinum, tin, lead, bismuth, iron, manganese, and antimony.

Sources:

Bergman, Torbern. Outlines of Mineralogy. William Withering, trans. Birmingham: Piercy and Jones for T. Cadell and G. Robinson, 1783, 131. Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO).

Bergman, Torbern. Sciagraphia regni mineralis. London: John Murray, 1783, 136–37. Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO).

Miśkowiec, Pawel. “Name Game: The Naming History of the Chemical Elements—Part 1—From Antiquity till the End of 18th Century.” Foundations of Chemistry, 1 November 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5.

Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, June 2006, s.v. platinum, n. and adj., platinic, adj., platina, n. and adj.

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm. “Dissertation on Prussian Blue, Part 2” (1783). The Chemical Essays of Charles-William Scheele. London: J. Murray, 1786, 391–406 at 394. Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO).

de Ulloa, Antonio and Jorge Juan y Santacilia. Relacion Historica del Viage a la America Meridional, vol. 2, part 1. Madrid: Antonio Marin, 1748, 6.10, 606. Google Books.

Watson, William and William Brownrigg. “Several Papers Concerning a New Semi-Metal, Called Platina” (5 December 1750). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 46, December 1750, 584–96 at 586. DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1749.0110.

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